Communicable Diseases

1)      Worm Infestation (Round Worm): Generally, an infection of intestinal tract caused by any worms is called worm infestation. The cases of worm infestation are mainly found in sub-tropical regions of many developing countries. Worm infestations are caused due to the lack of pure drinking water, unhygienic food, poor personal hygiene and environmental pollution. Worm infestation is also called helminthes disease.

Roundworm is an infection of intestinal tract caused by ascaris lumbricoides. this is manifested by vague symptoms of nausea, abdominal pain and cough. It is also called ascaris. The male roundworm measures up to 25cm and the female up to 30 cm in length. The female worm can lay about 2,00,000 eggs In a day, which are passed through the faeces, and contaminated soil, water and vegetables. These eggs are passed in the faces and become infective in the soil in 3-4 weeks. When the infective eggs are ingested, they reached the intestine where they gets hatched into larvae. The larvae penetrate the intestine and migrate to liver and lungs and then travel to trachea to pharynx. They reach the small intestine where they becomes sexually mature in about 6 to 10 weeks. The incubation period of roundworm is about 2 months.

Mode of Transmission:

The main modes of transmission of roundworm are as follows:

.Faecal-oral route: The eggs in the faeces, and contaminated water, food, vegetables and hands. When these contaminated things directly or indirectly,

come in contact with our mouth, then the eggs easily transmit.

.Poor personal hygiene.

.Lack of food hygiene.

.Vector transmission, i.e, transmission by fly.

Signs and symptoms:

The symptoms of roundworm are as follows:

.Malnutrition                                           .Abdominal pain

.Loss of appetite                                      .Nausea and Vomiting

.Allergic reaction                                     .Distension of abdomen

.Adult roundworms may cause intestinal obstruction

.Live worms are seen in the stool and sometimes in vomit.

.Physical development of children is retarded.

Prevention and Control

The prevention and controlling measures of roundworm infestation are as follows:

.Provision of safe drinking water.

.Proper disposal of wastes excreted by the infected person.

.The raw fruits and vegetables should be washed properly before eating.

.Maintenance of personal hygiene.

.Keeping environment clean.

.Provision of health education to community people about the consequences of roundworm.

.Provision of medicine to all susceptible persons in a six-month interval.

2)      Diarrhoea: Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of loose, liquid or watery stools more than 3 or 4 times a day. About 45,000 children die each year with this disease in Nepal. Diarrhoea may be acute or chronic. The acute diarrhoea is an attack of sudden onset, which usually lasts 3 to 7 days; sometimes it may last up to 10 to 14 days. Diarrhoea lasting 3 weeks or more may be chronic. In fact, diarrhoea is not itself a disease but it’s a symptom of many diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera, gastroenteritis, dysentery, etc. The main causative agent of diarrhoea are E. Coli, Gartner Bacillus and Enteritides.

Mode of Transmission:

The main modes of transmission of diarrhoea are:

Faecal-oral route: Faecal-oral transmission refers to contaminated water, unhygienic food, contaminated fruits, vegetables and drinks and dirty fingers, utensils and ingestion of dirt. Flies also act as mechanical carriers to transfer the disease.

Signs and Symptoms:

The main symptoms of diarrhoea are as follows:

.Loose, watery stool for 3 to 4 times a day.

.Abdominal pain

.Symptoms of dehydration

.Weakness and muscles become cramp

.Dry mouth and eyes

.Low urine output that ultimately stops.

.In severe stage of dehydration, probability of heart and kidney failure.

Prevention and Control:

The preventive and controlling measures of diarrhoea are as follows:

.Oral rehydration therapy (jeevan jal) should be used.

.Have nutritious liquid diet regularly.

.In case of children, breast feeding more than as usual.

.Using medicine according to the causative agent.

.Maintenance of personal hygiene.

.Proper disposal of human excreta.

.Educate people about causes and consequences of diarrhoea.

     

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Nutrition

                                                   Nutrition

      Every individual needs nutrients in order to remain healthy. Nutrients supply the necessary needs of the body for proper functioning and normal growth and development. We get these nutrients from food. so, the diet of an individual has to be balanced in order to get all the nutrients required by the body. Proper nutrition saves us from physical and mental deformities. If the body lacks any of the food constituents, such as proteins, carbohydrates vitamins, fats and minerals it causes malnutrition. If the proportion of the constituents of food is disturbed and the diet fails to meet the needs of the body, then the condition is known as malnutrition.

Causes of malnutrition                                     

Under- nourishment and malnutrition may be used by the following factors:

-          the food constituents are not present in required proportion as to meet the needs of the body.

-          Children are not fed properly and timely.

-          Lack of balanced diet during pregnancy.

-          Prevalence of parasitic and infectious diseases like worm, diarrhoea, dysentery.

-          Physical and environmental factors, such as lack of sunshine, fresh air, sound sleep, proper exercise, may lead to malnutrition.

-          Food habits, customs, beliefs, tradition, and attitudes play an important role in causing malnutrition.

-          General illiteracy and ignorance regarding the ways and means of food preservation, use and management.

-          Chronic alcoholism.

-          Poverty.

-          Lack of personal hygiene and care.

          Malnutrition is a human-made disease, which begins quite commonly in the womb and ends in the grave.

Effects of malnutrition

Each food constituent has its own function and role. Similarly, the deficiency of each food element has its own effects. Generally, malnutrition may have the following major effects on a person’s health:

a)       Physical effect: one of major functions of food is to help in the proper growth and development of the body. It influences physical fitness and organic development. As for example, lack of calcium leads to rickets which is characterised by stunted growth of bone, calcification of bone, whereas lack of  protein leads to Kwashiorkor and marasmus which is characterised by loss of weight, retardation of motor development, retardation of growth. Similarly, malnutrition in early stage of life may lead to various physical effects such as deformation of bones, ill-formed teeth, anaemia, blindness and goitre.

     b)      Mental effects: malnutrition also effects the mental development of a child. The mind                 

becomes slow and doll. It leads to loss of memory, irritation and uncontrolled emotion.

     c)      Social effects:  malnutrition leads to physical and mental deficiency, which ultimately

leads to mal-adjustment of social life. Individuals who are not physically fit, organically

sound and mentally balanced can never fulfil their daily needs resulting in frustration, tension

and other social disturbances. These people cannot maintain their family life, and cannot

participate in social activities. Thus, malnutrition is a social disease which affects directly on the progress and achievement of a citizen and the nation.

Malnutrition diseases

                Marasmus: a nutritional disorder due to the deficiency of protein and calories is known as     

‘Marasmus’. It is seen most commonly in weaned infants and children below faive years.

A child with this disease is characterised by emaciated look, irritation, loss of appetite, dehydration, incessant diarrhoea, etc. the limbs are thin but the stomach is swollen and the

body looks shrunken.

                                                                               

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Family Health

      Every individual is born from the womb of his/her mother, grows in the shadow of his/her parents and develops a group relation called a family. Family is the most important primary group. It is a small

Social group consisting ordinarily of a father, mother, and one or more children. We may say that family comprises of parents and children living under one roof and dining in one kitchen. It is a group of persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together. All such persons are considered as members of one family. We can, thus, define family as “the smallest unit of the society

living together in a house with common objectives.”

        Family is a place where a child grows and learns social behaviour. It provides an environment where a child can develop physically, mentally, socially and spiritually. Modern social students have described two main types of families: single or nuclear and join family on the basis of their structure.

a  nuclear family is on which consists of the husband, wife and their children whereas a joint family may include an old man and his wife, their son , the son’s wife and son’s children. Joint family may include the parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and  relatives residing in a single house or cluster of houses. The size of single or nuclear family is generally small and the parents arrange for the expenditure by earnings. The needs, desires, ambitions and wills can be fulfilled more and easily in a single family. Likewise, more love, affection, friendship and liberty of quick decision have been observed in a single family. But in such a family less security, difficulty in the time dispute and casualty, lack of supervision during the absence of parents, lack of values of old generation and lack of feelings and love for others are the negative aspects. Another negative aspect of a single family is that the couple engaged in services outside home find difficulty in bringing up the children.

         In a joint family, more than one couple and one generation live together in a single house. In order to support such a family it needs more money. It will be very difficult to fulfil the needs and desires of the family members. Decline in the standard of basis needs such as food, nutrition, clothing, education, health and housing are the negative aspects of a joint family. But such families have more economic, social and emotional security and have the chances of better discipline, cooperation, social values, cultural heritage, and selfless service from their senior family members. Besides that, a joint

family works like an insurance in difficult times for older family members.

        In fact, the type of family is not a problem. The problem is the size of the family. There may be five or six children in a single family which may create all sorts of hazards in a joint family. Nowdays, Small family size is getting more priority in both types of family structure. Thus, ‘small family is a happy family’ is the slogan of the 21^st century. Hence, for qualitative, balanced and happy family, every couple should be careful regarding the size of their family; it must be small.

                                                 Factors affecting family health

        

The health of an individual is influenced by the health of a family. A family health includes various elements and aspects of health such as personal hygiene, home and environmental sanitation, planning of family, reproductive health, parental responsibility, care of elders, family relationship, food and food habits. The health of a family is the  basis of community health because community is considered as a group of families. Thus, health family is a productive unit of a progressive nation. The health of a family depends the health of individual family members . all the members of the family have common feeling. The members look after each other. In sucha a place ill health, tention, or other health  problems easily affect and disturb the behaviour of other family members. The ill health of a members makes other anxious. Illness at a home is often a real personal problem. A healthy family may earn more, and work efficiently which significantly affects the living standard, health and other social aspects os the family.

  Thus, every individual of a family should be well aware of personal hygiene, and knowledge and practices of health rules.

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Personal hygiene

Your parents may have asked you to take bath everyday, wash your hands before eating,wash your hands and feet as soon as you come from school or play. They also probably have asked you to keep your study table clean and always wear clothes. Why do they say all this? They know that keeping yourself clean helps you to be healthy and free from diseases.

Personal hygiene is developing good habits and healthy practice to remain healthy and free from diseases. Now, you know what hygiene is and how you can maintain hygienic condition. First of all, you have to take care of your own cleanliness.

Your hair: clean and combed hair makes you feel and look good. Regular washing and combing help you to remove dust particles that settle in the hair. They also prevent growth of lice, which can cause irritation. Lice can spread from one person to another very easily. Dandruff can be prevented by regular washing of hair with shampoo and clean water.

Your skin: your entire body is covered with skin. Skin helps you feel heat, cold, pain, touch etc. skin prevents harmful organisms from entering the body. It also helps to throw out unwanted materials like Sweat from the body. Regular bathing is the best way to keep your skin clean.

Your nails: nails are dead cells, which are hardened. You have to keep them clean to prevent harmful

Organism from entering into the body. It is very necessary to make our nails short. Otherwise, dirt will settle in the nails and help germs to grow and enter your body.

Your teeth: teeth are the grinders of our food. Without teeth, we cannot eat solid food. Teeth also give nice shape to your face.

If teeth are not regularly brushed, some food particles get deposited on your teeth. It is called plaque.

Plaque is the substance that forms on the teeth, where bacteria can grow. These bacteria can slowly damage your teeth. You can prevent this by brushing the teeth regularly and keeping your mouth clean.

Your eyes: you know that eyes are the most important organs of your body. The whole world will be dark in the absence of eyes. So, it is very important to keep your eyes healthy and strong. For this, you must wash your eyes with cold water at least twice a day.

Your ears: these are very important organs, without which the whole world will be silent. You will not be able to listen to your music, your lessons in the class and so on. So, you must take good care of them. Never use pins, matchsticks, etc. to remove wax from your ears. They can harm your eardrums.

If you feel any pain or notice any watery discharge from your ears, you should tell your parents immediately about it.

Your nose: the nose is an organ, with which we smell and breathe. You should keep it clean by washing it with clean water.

Around the age of 11-12 years, girls start having a menstrual cycle due to the ripening of ova in their ovaries. Every month, for 4-6 days, they have blood coming out from the vaginal canal. In most Nepalese cultures, people observe the isolation period during these days but the most important aspect for girls during this time is to maintain personal hygiene (cleanliness of private parts ) since they have a discharge of blood for few days. Girls should clean their private parts several times a day and use clean and soft cotton cloths or a sanitary pad to prevent staining their dresses. Girls at this stage can suffer from anemia due to excess blood loss. Therefore, they should take a balanced diet with lots of green, leafy vegetables and fruits or meat if they are non- vegetarians.

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Throw Away Your Glasses And Improve Your Vision With The Filatov’s Vitamin Bomb Recipe

The popular doctor and surgeon, Vladimir Petrovich Filatov, advised his patients in the eye clinic in the 60s to try his alternative medicine along with their medical treatment, in order to improve their vision and prevent further complications.
He recommended a beneficial vitamin bomb recipe which became a hit as soon as he revealed it since numerous patients tried it and were thrilled by its effects!

This is how to prepare it:
Vitamin Bomb- Recipe
Ingredients:
300 grams of honey
500 grams of crushed walnuts
Squeezed juice of 3-4 lemons
100 grams of Aloe Vera juice (aloe arborescent)
Method of preparation:
Initially, you need to make the aloe Vera juice. Therefore, you should get rid of the upper, middle and lower leaves of the plant.
Then, wash the rest of it, the ¾ leaves and its top with cooled boiled water in order to remove the spikes. Then, chop it into small pieces, and strain the juice with double gauze.
According to Dr. Filatov, you should not chop the leaves immediately, but leave them on a plate in the fridge for 10-12 days.
In this way, the aloe Vera will form the biogen stimulators which are responsible for the cells’ activity. Afterward, wash the leaves and prepare the aloe Vera juice.
Then just mix it with all the other ingredients, and your natural remedy is ready for use. Consume a tablespoon of it 3 times daily, 30 minutes before meals.
Follow this procedure until your eyesight is completely improved.
Furthermore, this vitamin bomb is excellent for the overall health.
Note: Note that the use of aloe juice is not advised in the case of acute kidney disease, gastrointestinal tract issue, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis,  inflammation in the female reproductive organs, in the last trimester of the pregnancy, and cardiovascular problems in a decompensation phase. Moreover, the aloe Vera should not be older than a few years.

Source/Reference: www.healthandlovepage.com
Other included sources linked in Health And Love Page’s article: keepyourbody.com -- Original Article Source

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