Showing posts with label Environment. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Environment. Show all posts

Monday, June 27, 2016

Concept of Environment
Environment refers to the surrounding including physical, biological and socio-cultural elements. It is the sum of all external conditions under which we survive. We are always affected by environment in matter of our growth, livelihood and overall development. It provides every element that fulfils our everyday needs. We perform our activities using the elements obtained from environment. environment  includes physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects. Physical aspects refers to all non-living elements like soil, rock, river, buildings, etc. biological aspect, on the other hand, refers to all living creatures. Socio-cultural aspect includes social norms and values. All these aspects constitute environment.
R.C. sharma defines environment as the interaction between living and non-living things. According to him environment encompasses everything, living and non-living objects, the interaction between these and the products of the interactions. There is a harmonious relationship among the components of environment. The status of soil, water and other elements determines the biodiversity because different animals and plants have special adaptability. Similarly, the producers, consumers and decomposers are also in a kind of cyclic relationship. Environmental condition determines our health too.

Concept of Environmental Education
Environment is the source of all our needs. It provides everything required for our livelihood  however, the activities of human beings are not environment-friendly. Many people think and even do not know about the possible consequences of these harmful activities. Environment education is the educational process that teaches everything about the environment. It teaches us ways to keep our surrounding clean and preserve the components of environment in order. The traditional consumption pattern, lack of knowledge about the significance of environment and many other activities are the main reasons for spoiling environmental situation. People take environmental calamities like food, draught and landslide as the curse of god and do not care about afforestation. Environment  education aims at reducing these wrong concepts and promoting nature-friendly activities like afforestation programmes. According to the definition given by the UNESCO in 1978 AD, environment education can be defined in the following way.
Environmental education is a learning process that increases people’s knowledge and awareness about the environment and associated challenges, develops the necessary skills and expertise to address the challenges, and fosters attitudes, motivations, and commitments to make informed decisions and take responsible action.
This definition has clarified the concept of environment education. It develops knowledge, skill and attitude in individual to move with the objective of sustainable development. Conservation of environment is the main directive of environment education. Environmental education enhances critical thinking, problem-solving, and effective-decision making skills, and teaches individuals to weigh various sides of an environmental issue to make informed and responsible decisions.

Importance of Environment Education
Environment helps to fulfill all our demands. However, the activities performed by human beings are not being environment-friendly. Human activities have resulted natural calamities, environmental degradation, environmental pollution and many other problems. Environment education plays a significant role to control these problems and maintain balance among environment. The importance of environment education is described….
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Sunday, June 26, 2016

Health, population and environment are integrated terms. They are interrelated in many respects. Health of an individual is directly associated with the environment in which one is living. Similarly, rapid population growth provokes massive environmental degradation. That’s why the ground of all these subjects is common. An attempt to study any of these subjects in isolation is to miss many things and make the study lame. Due to their association with each other, these three subjects should be studied in an integrated manner. The relationship among these subjects in various aspects is described below:
Physical Aspect:physical aspect of the environment refers to all the non-living things. It includes natural elements like air, water, soil, etc. as well as artificial elements like houses, buildings; roads, etc. survival of population is possible only by use of these elements. These physical factors determine the health of an individual. If air is polluted, the air contains harmful gases and health status becomes poor. In contrary, if environment is clean and fresh, the health will be good. Therefore, health, population and environment education are interrelated in physical aspect.
Biological Aspect: Health, population and environment are interrelated in biological aspect too. Biological aspect of the environment includes plants, animals and birds. Biological environment provides food, clothes and shelter as well. You have always observed that the food you eat comes from plants. Plants such as cotton and animals such as silkworms, sheep, etc. are the sources of clothes for us. Biological environment determines the health of the individuals. People get nutritive food where there is good agricultural production and consequently become healthy. In this way health, population and environment education are interrelated in biological aspect.
Socio-cultural Aspect: socio-cultural aspect of environment includes social rites, norms and values; these are developed by human beings. Therefore, they are the parts of artificial environment. Social and cultural practices affect environmental situation.
Hindu people regard rivers and some trees like peepal as symbol of god and appeal to preserve them. Every religion teaches us to care other animals and plants. These norms and values created by human beings help to conserve the environment and maintain health status. If environment is conserved, health status improves. If we do not throw garbage and dirt into the river, the river becomes clean and our health will not be deteriorated.
Similarly, when we celebrate feasts and festivals, we should take care of your health and environment. In the name of celebration, we should not take the food items that spoils our health. We should be careful about disposing garbage in appropriate places. Hence, health, population and environment education are interrelated socio-cultural aspect too.

Economical Aspect: Health, population and environment education are related in the economic aspect. When population increases rapidly, unemployment problem increases. With this, the lack of balanced diet, rest, proper environment increases and health status of a person worsens. Environmental degradation increases along with increasing poverty. People utilize natural resources in a random way in maximum amount, forest areas decrease and consequently problem of pollution occurs. People are involved in illegal hunting, smuggling of the parts of animals which causes the declination of wildlife. 
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Saturday, June 25, 2016

Concept of Population
Many people live in your locality. They belong to various social, gender, caste and age status from a small child to the people of dying age, poor people to millionaires, males and females and so on. These people are living in a certain territory. All these people constitute population. Population refers to to a collective group of organism of the same species occupying a particular space. In a broader sense, population may be defined as a set of members taken at a time in an area.

Population size never remains constant. It is detrimental to social, geographical and economic factors of a particular place.

Concept of Population Education
Population growth has become jeopardy in the present context. When a child is born, she/he comes with an ‘extra mouth’ but we cannot expand the land to feet him/her. The same land should be shared for the provision of his/her requirements. It brings chaos in social, economic and environmental sectors. Major threat to modern age is uncontrolled population and massive destruction of environment, resulted by it. People still feel proud to make family size larger due to lack of education that teaches about the advantages of having family size small, controlling of birth and so on. Therefore, education concerned with these subject matters is a must. Population education serves all these functions. The term ‘population education’ was coined by Slon Wayland of Columbia University of the USA for the first time in 1969. He associated the word with awareness related to population problems.

The definition of population education is as diverse as its educators. An attempt to find a single genuine definition is, therefore, in vein. However, all definitions agree on the common ground, i.e. population education is related to awareness about the burning issues of population situation, reasons for population growth and mitigating measures to minimize these all. The first regional workshop on population and family life held in then UNESCO regional office, Bangkok defines population education as an educational programmes which provides for a study of population situation in the family, community, nation and the world with the purpose of developing rational and responsible attitudes and behaviours towards that situation.

The definition clarifies that study of population is the basis of population education and the goal of this subject is to create awareness towards that situation. It is directed modifying and altering behaviours and attitudes related to population, marriage and family life.

Population education is a multi-dimensional subject matter because it includes the elements and topics that belong to other subjects like family planning, health education, economics, and population statistics and so on. For an example, demographic study, and environment are related to science whereas the study of occupation and economic development and others are related to economics. Similarly, social norms and values are the common topics of culture and ethics. Human sexuality and reproduction is the part of sex education, demographic study of population measurement falls under population statistics and the study about contraceptive devices and birth spacing are the parts of family planning. Population education includes all these elements in its study. Population education is, therefore, not merely family planning education, sex education or population statistics but it incorporates the subject matter from all these areas.    

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Thursday, June 23, 2016

 The health status of an individual, a community, or a nation is determined by the environment which surrounds him/her. A good environment is necessary for human beings to maintain proper health. Natural conditions, such as air, water and land within which we live is called the environment. we get all the daily requirements from the environment. But, the misuse and mishandling of these materials is creating health hazards for the human beings. Air, water and land pollution are increasing day-by-day and getting serious because of the growing population, urbanisation, industrial growth, advances in nuclear technology, noise, vehicles, improper disposal of waste materials, etc.
     
Health and sanitation is a way of life. It is a quality of living being that is expressed in a clean home, clean farm and clean community. Environmental pollution creates problems for our physical development and longevity. It may spread diseases. Therefore, protection and sanitation of the environment is the preventive measures against the environmental hazards.
 Water and Environment
      Water is absolutely essential to maintain life. Water is required by the people for the purpose of drinking, cooking and washing of the body, clothes, household, farm animals, etc. The body needs water to maintain the fluidity of the blood, to keep the tissues soft and elastic, excretion and secretion, and to maintain the body temperature. We get water from the environment, which becomes polluted due to various factors. The main agents of water pollution are human beings themselves. water may get polluted due to population explosion, improper disposal of excreta and sewage, use of pesticides for agriculture, waste products released by factories, etc. In fact, water is called polluted when it contains pathogenic germs, dust, organic matter, chemical substances, and other harmful elements.
 Disease Caused by Polluted Water
      Water is most essential for the maintenance of life, but if it is polluted, it can also work as a vehicle to carry several and widespread water borne diseases such as:
i)                     Cholera,
ii)                   Diarrhoea,
iii)                  Dysentery, and
iv)                 Typhoid.
 Mode of Water Contamination
      Water is contaminated through the human excreta, sewage, washing of contaminated utensils, clothes, and the agents of diseases. When a person uses such contaminated water he/she may suffer from different types of diseases.
 Methods of Water Purification
       In fact, water is never pure in a chemical sense. Even clean and clean water may contain the germs of diseases. So, water must be purified before use. Water can be purified in various ways. Some of them are:
i)                     Boiling: It is a satisfactory method of purifying water for household purposes. While using this method, water must be brought to a ‘rolling’ boil. Boiling should be done for 5-10 minutes. Boiling destroys all forms of diseases-producing organisms usually found in water. When water is boiled, the container becomes sterilised or water should be boiled Preferably in the same container.
ii)                   Sedimentation and Decantation: it is a natural method of water purification. In this     
method, water is collected from the sources and stored in a jar or container. The water if
allowed to remain for some time in the container, the impurities (e.g. stone, sand, chalk,
mud, etc.) will settle down at the bottom. We will be able to pour out the water without
disturbing the impurities. This process of water filtration is called sedimentation and  it
Serves the following purpose:
. The solid matter in suspension falls to the bottom by gravity and is called the sediment.
. Organic matter is destroyed through oxygenation.
. Bacterial count is also reduced.
iii)                  Sand Filtration: This is also called the filtration of water by four pitchers system. It is an old-fashioned filter system. In this method, the four pitchers are placed one above the other on a wooden stand. All the vessel except the last one has small pores at the bottom. The uppermost vessel contains thick layer of charcoal which is filled with water and which percolates through a hole of the second pitcher.
         The second pitcher contains a layer of sand, and the third contains gravel. Water drips into each of these vessels. The last of fourth pitcher contains filtered water.
          Nowadays, one can buy a manufactured filter from the market. The principle of these filters is that water is made to pass through porous ‘candles’ and in doing so it is purified.
iv)                 Chlorination: One of the most widely used disinfectants for treating drinking water is chlorine and when it is added to water in proper proportion, it is affective in killing pathogenic organisms. Besides, water may be purified by SODIS method. In this method, water is collected in colourless plastic bottles and kept in sunlight for about six hours.





                                                                                                                                                                                
              
                     


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Friday, June 3, 2016


A normal person is usually healthy. It is the result of living in accordance with natural laws pertaining to the body, mind and environment. Body of every living organism is healthy in itself, but when invaded by certain external elements or germs the body suffers from certain abnormal conditions. This abnormal condition is called a disease. The disease disturbs the normal functioning of various organs of the body.
Diseases are caused by germs. When the germs enter the body, they multiply their number and attack on the resistance power of the body; they multiply their number and attack on the resistance power of the body, which shows the detectable reaction. Thus disease is a detectable reaction of an individual, to a parasite in a particular environment. In fact, the disease is the result of ‘mal-adjustment’ of the human organism to the environment. But if the body continues to get proper fresh air, balanced and nutritive diet, appropriate rest, sunshine and light, and the atmosphere in which the person lives is free from the germs of infectious diseases, then it is not possible for him to fall a prey to any disease. Besides this, the rest, relaxation, internal and external cleanliness, right attitude, and proper exercise help the body to function smoothly, which leads to longevity. Health and disease are parts of the natural process, where proper care and timely treatment is necessary for a state of good health, whereas carelessness leads to disorder of the body and at last to death.

                                                     Types of diseases
 There are various types of diseases, but all of them can be classified mainly under two groups. They are:
Communicable disease
                            A disease caused by specific pathogenic germs and transferred in a great variety of ways is known as a communicable disease. It is transmitted from an infected person or animal, directly or indirectly, through the agencies (water, air, personal contact, food) of an intermediate host or the inanimate environment. In fact, a disease that tends to spread among different individuals in a
Community is known as a communicable disease. Some examples of communicable diseases are
cholera, dysentery, tuberculosis, common cold and tetanus.
Non-communicable disease
                             The disease which is not transmitted from one person to another through any media is called a non-communicable disease. The cause of this disease is bad health habit, malnutrition, and
ageing. In some cases, heredity may be observed as a cause of the disease. Cancer, heart disease, diabetes and gall-stone are some examples of non-communicable diseases.
Prevention of diseases
                              Prevention is better than cure. We may safeguard our life from various diseases by
the adoption of preventive means. Timely attention, care, and respect of healthy rules help in living a healthy life whereas unhealthy habits and carelessness may create various hazards, and my lead to
various diseases. Thus, to keep the family and society healthy one has to think regarding the mode of prevention.
                                      Prevention of communicable diseases
                                Communicable diseases result from the interaction of an agent, host, and environment. so, the preventive measures of the communicable diseases are as follows:
a) Use of safe drinks: some of the communicable diseases, like cholera, dysentery and typhoid are transmitted through the use of contaminated water and drink. Hence, the use of clean and germ-free water is thought to be done of the preventive measures against communicable diseases.
b) Safe and balanced food: communicable diseases may spread through the unbalanced, and contaminated food. So, we should be careful while selecting, purchasing, preparing and handling food. we must select the balanced food according to the work and need of the body, which will provide proper nutrition and energy for the maintenance of good health.
c) Cleanliness: cleanliness and sanitation is a way of life. It is a quality of humans that is expressed in a
clean home, clean farm,clean neighbourhood and a clean community. Cleanliness and sanitation are the
means which control all those things in the surroundings which would harm one’s health and longevity.
among  the various preventive measures, the most effective, quickest and the cheapest means is the cleanliness and sanitation.
d) Immunization: immunization is a means of protection against the results of infectious diseases within the human body. It is a widely accepted level of protection against a large number of communicable diseases. The proper and timely immunization saves the individuals from the unforseen health hazards. Diseases like polio, tuberculosis, tetanus, whoopin cough can be prevented by immunizing children at an early age.
                                        Prevention of non communicable diseases
                                    When the diseases are not transmitted through one person or animal to another person, it is known as non-communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases have their own causes, such as heredity, lack of balanced diet, over or under secretion of hormones and environment. Non-communicable diseases are more dangerous than communicable diseases. therefore, everyone should be conscious about the prevention of such diseases. some os the major preventive measures of non- communicable diseases are:
. Good and healthy habits.
. Personal and environmental sanitation.
. Proper rest and sleep.
. Proper and regular exercise.
. Regular elimination of body waste.
. Periodical medical check-up.
. Use of tobacco and tobacco products, alcohol, and narcotic drug should be avoided.
. Provision of safe drinking water.
. Cheerful and happy life, free from tention.




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Thursday, June 2, 2016



Your parents may have asked you to take bath everyday, wash your hands before eating,wash your hands and feet as soon as you come from school or play. They also probably have asked you to keep your study table clean and always wear clothes. Why do they say all this? They know that keeping yourself clean helps you to be healthy and free from diseases.
Personal hygiene is developing good habits and healthy practice to remain healthy and free from diseases. Now, you know what hygiene is and how you can maintain hygienic condition. First of all, you have to take care of your own cleanliness.

Your hair: clean and combed hair makes you feel and look good. Regular washing and combing help you to remove dust particles that settle in the hair. They also prevent growth of lice, which can cause irritation. Lice can spread from one person to another very easily. Dandruff can be prevented by regular washing of hair with shampoo and clean water.


Your skin: your entire body is covered with skin. Skin helps you feel heat, cold, pain, touch etc. skin prevents harmful organisms from entering the body. It also helps to throw out unwanted materials like Sweat from the body. Regular bathing is the best way to keep your skin clean.

Your nails: nails are dead cells, which are hardened. You have to keep them clean to prevent harmful
Organism from entering into the body. It is very necessary to make our nails short. Otherwise, dirt will settle in the nails and help germs to grow and enter your body.

Your teeth: teeth are the grinders of our food. Without teeth, we cannot eat solid food. Teeth also give nice shape to your face.
If teeth are not regularly brushed, some food particles get deposited on your teeth. It is called plaque.
Plaque is the substance that forms on the teeth, where bacteria can grow. These bacteria can slowly damage your teeth. You can prevent this by brushing the teeth regularly and keeping your mouth clean.

Your eyes: you know that eyes are the most important organs of your body. The whole world will be dark in the absence of eyes. So, it is very important to keep your eyes healthy and strong. For this, you must wash your eyes with cold water at least twice a day.

Your ears: these are very important organs, without which the whole world will be silent. You will not be able to listen to your music, your lessons in the class and so on. So, you must take good care of them. Never use pins, matchsticks, etc. to remove wax from your ears. They can harm your eardrums.
If you feel any pain or notice any watery discharge from your ears, you should tell your parents immediately about it.

Your nose: the nose is an organ, with which we smell and breathe. You should keep it clean by washing it with clean water.

Around the age of 11-12 years, girls start having a menstrual cycle due to the ripening of ova in their ovaries. Every month, for 4-6 days, they have blood coming out from the vaginal canal. In most Nepalese cultures, people observe the isolation period during these days but the most important aspect for girls during this time is to maintain personal hygiene (cleanliness of private parts ) since they have a discharge of blood for few days. Girls should clean their private parts several times a day and use clean and soft cotton cloths or a sanitary pad to prevent staining their dresses. Girls at this stage can suffer from anemia due to excess blood loss. Therefore, they should take a balanced diet with lots of green, leafy vegetables and fruits or meat if they are non- vegetarians.

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Tuesday, May 24, 2016

Animals and plants are sensitive to the changes in temperature. Changes in temperature may bring a positive or negative affect on the life of plants and animals. Temperature affects plants and animals in various ways, which are as follows:

A) Effects on Metabolism: All metabolic processes are affected by temperature. Since temperature regulates the activity of enzymes, all chemical reactions in the body of organisms are controlled by temperature. It affects the rates of transportation, photosynthesis in plants and respiration rates and other metabolic processes in plants as well as animals.

B) Effects on Reproduction: Flowering in plants is affected by temperature through thermoperiodism. In animals, the maturation of gonads or sex cells and the liberation of gametes take place at a particular temperature, which varies from species to species. Breeding in some animals remains unaffected by temperature throughout the year, whereas in some animals breading occurs only in summer or in winter.

C) Effect on Growth and Development: Both extremely low and high temperature brings about such cold injuries as desiccation, chilling injury and freezing injury. Extremely high temperature causes stunting and final death of plants, which is due to adverse effects on a number of physiological processes like respiration, transpiration, protein metabolism, etc. This is called heat injury. In animal also temperature affects growth as well as development. For example in the Oyster, the length of the body increase from 1.5 mm to 10.3 mm with an increase in temperature from 10'C to 20'C. Sea Urchin shows maximum size of body in warmer water, etc.

D) Effect on Crossing Over: In animals like Drospohila species, temperature is shown to affect the crossing over and somatic expression of gene characters. Development of wings, eyes, is affected low or high temperature;wings tend to be longer at high and shorter at low temperature.

E) Effects on sex Ratio: In some animals like rotifers and daphnids, sex ratio is affected by temperature. Under normal condition Daphnids give parthenogenetic eggs that develop into females, whereas with increase in temperature, they give sexual eggs which after fertilization develop either into males or females.

F) Effects on Coloration: Some insects, birds and mammals in warm humid climates bear darker pigment than the races of same species present in cool and dry climates.

 G) Effect on Morphology: The temperature also affects the absolute size of an animals and the relative proportions of various body parts. Birds and mammals attain greater body size in cold regions than in warm areas. But poikilotherms are smaller in cold region. The tail, snout, ears and legs of mammals are relatively shorter in colder parts than in the warm areas.
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Monday, May 23, 2016


Light and heat are abiotic factors which affect on such basic physiological processes of plants as photosynthesis, transpiration, seed germination, flowering etc, and thus is of much concern in environment. Where they play important role in the species compositions and development of vegetation being influenced by some such factors as atmospheric gases, suspended particles, water layers, vegetation and such topographic factors as direction and slope of the land surfaces which cause marked variations in intensity and daily duration of insulation. Radiation from the sun produces a direct heating effect and photo chemical transformation in the individual producing heat energy, with few exceptions, light is essential for all plants and animals. It also maintains temperature in soil, water and atmosphere. Directly or indirectly, light affects plant life in the following processes
1. Chlorophyll Production :  Except few plants like ferns, mosses and algae, most of the plants need light for chlorophyll formation. Without light plants cannot produce chlorophyll. If there is no chlorophyll it means plant cannot produce food. It means there is no food chain. So the plants and all animals totally depend on light for food.

2. Heating Actions : Exposure of parts of the plants to light increase to their temperature, affect their related life process.

3. Effect on Transpiration Rate: Sun light affects transpiration rate through increase in temperature. Transpiration rates correspondingly affect water absorption also. Thus high light intensities are always related with dry habitats and high transpiration rates.

4. Stomatal  Movement : Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by sun light which is related to transpiration and absorption of plants.

5. Distribution of Plants: Light intensity affect the distribution of plants. Light conditions of poles are different from other parts of earth. Thus, total amount of radiation received by the earth's surface differs with distance from the equator. This may be one of the reasons for the difference in the vegetation at poles and at other parts of the earth.

6. Overall Vegetative Development of Plant Parts: Sometimes plants are classified as Helophytes and Sciopthytes. Helophytes are that types of plants which grow best in full sunlight and Sciophytes are that types of plants which grow best at lower light intensities.

7. Photoperiodism :  Total length of the daily light period to which plants are exposed is known as photoperiodism. It affects on the vegetative growth as well as flowering og the plants. On the basis of their photo period, the plants may be short-day plants, that develop normally only when the photo period is less than a critical maximum; and long-day plants, those demanding a photo period in excess of certain critical minimum. Light has far-reaching effects on animals also. It affects their several types of physiological activities like pigmentation, reproduction, development, growth, locomotion, migration, etc which are mentioned below:

A) Metabolism : Light affects metabolic process of animals through its heating effects on tissues and protoplasm. This all results into an increase in the enzymatic activities, general metabolic rate and degree of solubility of salts and minerals. Animal receiving poor light in caves thus shows low rate of metabolism. Light also affects photo-oxidation and respiration rates.

B) Reproduction : In animals, light initiates the breeding activities. In some birds gonads become active with increased light intensity during summer. Thus, animals are long-day, short-day and indifferent to day length.

C) Development : Some animals undergo development only under sufficient-light intensity, in the absence of light they cannot develop. But mystiques larvae in their earlier stages grow larger in darkness than in light.

D) Eyes :  The degree of eye development sometimes depends upon the available light intensities. The eyes of the animals, which liven in caves and deep sea levels, are absent or rudimentary.

E) Vision :  Higher animals including man are able to see various objects only in the presence of one or other from of light.

F) Pigmentation : Most of the chemical changes that result into the formation of pigments are initiated by light energy. The process of pigmentation in animals is thus influenced by light in a number of ways as in the development of skin color or in protective coloration.

G) Locomotion :   The speed of locomotion on some lower animals is regulated by light. This phenomenon is known as photo kinesis .

H) Photo periodism : Animals are known to respond to the length of the day through the effect of total light period on such processes as gonad activities, reproduction, metamorphosis, migration, etc.


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Generally , there are two types of environment i.e. Natural Environment and Man-Made Environment; which are described as below:

1. Natural Environment

 That kind of the environment which is created by the nature or it is known as the god-gifted environment. The natural environment consists of air, water, soil, forest, wildlife, etc. The elements of the elements of the natural environment can be broadly classified into physical or abiotic factors and biological or biotic factors.

A. Physical or abiotic factors 

 Physical or abiotic factors of an environment are such climatic factors as solar radiation, temperature, wind, water, ocean current, rainfall and such physical as light, fire, pressure, geomagnetism and such chemical factors as acidity, salinity and the availability of inorganic nutrients needed by plants. The most important physical factors are the climatic, physio-graphic and edaphic factors. Some of the elements of these factors are as follow:-

Climatic or Aerial Factors 
a) Light and heat
b) Temperature of air
c) Rainfall
d) Atmospheric gases and wind
e) Humidity of air

Topographic or Physio-graphic Factors 
 a) Formation of soil
 b) Physical structure
 c) Chemical properties  
 d) Substrata of soil

The interaction of all these factors affects the natural environment and the life of all living beings. Under the natural conditions, an organism is affected not only by one individual factor but by all the environmental factors. The life of living beings thus involves the simultaneous and continuing impact of all existing environmental factors. All these factors are inter-related and variation in one may affect the other. For example, an increase in temperature may bring a change in humidity in addition to the rate of photosynthesis.




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